ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To descriptively analyze the epidemiological data, clinical stage, and outcomes of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and to estimate the influence of clinical stage and treatment type on overall and disease-free survival. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed epidemiological data from the São Paulo Cancer Center Foundation database relative to patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 in the state of São Paulo. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess factors associated with the outcomes. A forward stepwise selection procedure was used. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test. Results: A total of 8075 individuals with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were identified. Of these, 86.3% were diagnosed at an advanced stage and 13.7% at an early stage. Only 27.2% of patients were treated surgically, whereas 57.5% were treated medically. Patients undergoing surgery had longer overall survival than those receiving medical treatment in both early- and advanced-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, there was no significant difference in disease-free survival between surgical and medical treatment. Conclusion: No significant difference in disease-free survival between medical and surgical treatment suggests similar complete remission rates with both approaches. Patients receiving medical treatment had shorter overall survival, which may be due to complications from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, we cannot confirm this relationship based on the data provided by the São Paulo Cancer Center Foundation. Prospective studies are warranted to assess whether the lower overall survival rate in patients receiving medical treatment is secondary to complications from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Level of evidence: 2C.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: As complicações neurológicas são temidas no pós-operatório das cirurgias cardíacas, sendo importante causa de óbito e de gastos hospitalares. Sua predição ainda é incerta. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aplicabilidade de um escore pré-operatório como preditor de disfunção neurológica no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica (RM) com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo que avaliou 77 pacientes submetidos à RM no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011. Utilizando-se o escore CABDEAL (creatinine, age, body mass index, diabetes, emergency surgery, abnormality on ECG, lung disease), os pacientes foram agrupados em alto (CABDEAL > 4) e baixo risco (CABDEAL<4). Para os desfechos encefalopatia e acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), foram comparados os valores preditivos do escore e das variáveis intra e pós-operatórias (tempos de pinçamento aórtico, CEC e ventilação mecânica). O teste exato de Fischer foi usado na análise estatística. A análise da curva ROC foi utilizada para avaliar a acurácia do modelo para os desfechos neurológicos. Adotou-se o nível de significância P<0,05. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade foi de 2,6% (n=2). Ocorreram dois episódios de AVE (2,6%) e 12 (15,5%) de encefalopatia. O desfecho encefalopatia associou-se significativamente com CABDEAL de alto risco (P=0,0009), tempo de ventilação mecânica (P=0,014), tempo de CEC (P=0,02), e tempo de pinçamento aórtico (P=0,006); este último associou-se também com AVE (P=0,03) e óbito (P=0,006). O escore CABDEAL apresentou maior área sob a curva ROC do que as demais variáveis para o desfecho encefalopatia. CONCLUSÃO: Na amostra estudada, o escore CABDEAL foi melhor preditor de encefalopatia no pós-operatório de RM quando comparado às variáveis intraoperatórias analisadas.
INTRODUCTION: Neurological dysfunction is a feared postoperative morbidity of cardiac surgery, an important cause of death and increased spending in hospitals. Its prediction, however, is still uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To assess the applicability of a preoperative score as a predictor of neurological dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Prospective study that evaluated 77 patients who underwent CABG from February to October 2011. Using the score CABDEAL (creatinine, age, body mass index, diabetes, emergency surgery, abnormality on ECG, lung disease), patients were grouped into high (CABDEAL > 4) and low risk (CABDEAL<4). The predictive value of the score was compared with intraoperative and postoperative variables (aortic clamping time, CPB and ventilation time) as predictors of encephalopathy and stroke. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and compared with the Fisher exact test. ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the model for the neurological outcomes. It was considered the significant value P<0.05. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 2.6% (n=2). There were 2 episodes of stroke (2.6%) and 12 (15.5%) of encephalopathy. High risk CABDEAL (P=0.0009), ventilation time (P=0.014), CPB time (P=0.02) and aortic clamping time (P=0.006) were significantly associated with encephalopathy. The aortic clamping time was also associated with stroke (P=0.03) and death (P=0.006). CABDEAL score showed the largest area under the ROC curve rather than others variables. CONCLUSION: In this study, the CABDEAL score stood out as the best predictor of encephalopathy after CABG when compared to the others intraoperative variables.